Preface Section A: Bases of Understanding the Spinal Cord Chapter 1: Neuroanatomical Considerations Chapter 2: Physiology of the Spinal Cord Chapter 3: Pharmacology of the Spinal Cord Chapter 4: Historical Review of Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials Chapter 5: Recording Methods and Terminology of Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials in Humans Section B: Somatosensory Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials Chapter 1: Segmental SCPs 1.1. Waveform Characteristics 1.2. Comparison with Skin Surface Recordings 1.3. Comparison with Recordings from the Posterior Pharynx 1.4. Origins of the Segmental SCP Chapter 2: Spinal Cord Potentials Evoked by Ascending Volleys Chapter 3: Spinal Cord Potentials Evoked by Descending Volleys Chapter 4: Heterosegmentally Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials Chapter 5: Clinical Pharmacology 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Effects of Intravenous Anesthetics 5.3. Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics 5.4. Effects of Opipoids, Local Anesthetics Section C: Motor Evoked SCPs Chapter 1: Transcranial Magnetically Evoked SCPs (TCM-Evoked SCPs) 1.1. Techniques for Recording 1.2. Basic Patterns of TCM-Evoked SCPs 13. Effects of Intravenous Anesthetics 1.4. The Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics Chapter 2: Transcranial Electrically Evoked SCPs (TCE-Evoked SCPs) 2.1: Recording Techniques 2.2: TCE-Evoked SCPS in Animals and Human 2.3: TCE-Evoked Potentials from Muscle and TCS-Evoked SCPs 2.4: Effects of Intravenous and Inhalational Anesthetics Section D: Case Studies (Clinical Applications) Chapter 1: Monitoring by SCPs During Surgical Operations 1.1 Spine Surgery: Scoliosis Surgery 1.2 Spinal Cord Surgery 1.2.1 Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesion (DREZL) 1.2.2 Spinal Cord Tumor 1.2.3 Sphyngomyelia 1.3 Spinal Cord Hypothermia 1.4 Spinal Cord Ischemia 1.4.1 Somatosensory Evoked SCPs 1.4.2 Motor-Evoked Electromyograms 1.5 Cardiovascular Surgery 1.5.1 Somatosensory Evoked SCPs 1.5.2 Motor-Evoked SCPs Chapter 2: Diagnosis by Spinal Cord Potentials of Spinal Diseases