Contributors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Bios xix

1 Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1
Jorge Saldana

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Current Status of Enhanced Recovery in Oil and Gas Industry 2
1.3 Fundamental Concepts and Reservoir Characterization Techniques for EOR Methods 7
1.4 EOR and the Energy Transition to Renewables 9
1.5 Summary 11

2 Advances in Cold Heavy Oil Production 17
Jorge Saldana

2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 18
2.3 Theories and Methods 19
2.4 Case Studies and Applications 36
2.5 AI Applications 45
2.6 Applications Toward Net Zero/Energy Transition and Economics 51
2.7 Summary and Conclusions 60
2.8 Nomenclature 63

3 Waterflooding 73
Jorge Saldana

3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Fundamental Concepts 74
3.3 Theories and Methods 78
3.4 Case Studies and Applications 103
3.5 AI Applications 107
3.6 Applications Toward Net Zero/Energy Transition and Economics 113
3.7 Summary and Conclusions 117
3.8 Nomenclature 119

4 Chemical Enhanced Recovery 131
Kishore K. Mohanty and Krishna Panthi

4.1 Introduction 131
4.2 Mechanisms of Enhancing Oil Recovery 132
4.3 Wettability and Fluid Flow in Reservoir Rocks 135
4.4 Wettability Alteration Flood 140
4.5 Polymer Flood 152
4.6 Alkali Flood 158
4.7 Surfactant Flood 165
4.8 ACP Flood 186
4.9 Nanoparticle EOR 190
4.10 Case Studies/Applications 194
4.11 AI Applications 200
4.12 Applications Toward Net Zero/Energy Transition 201
4.13 Environmental and Economic Aspects 201
4.14 Summary and Conclusions 202
4.15 Nomenclature 203

5 Gas Injection and EOR Processes 225
Akshit Agarwal, Ekrem Alagoz, and Jyoti Phirani

5.1 Introduction 225
5.2 Fundamentals of Gas-Oil Interaction 227
5.3 Screening Criteria for Gas Injection Projects 236
5.4 CO2-based Gas-EOR Processes 241
5.5 Flue Gas Injection Processes 247
5.6 Gas Injection Methods 253
5.7 Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Gas Injection EOR 261
5.8 Summary and Outlook 265

6 Thermal EOR Methods 273
Jorge Saldana

6.1 Introduction 273
6.2 Fundamental Concepts and Theories 274
6.3 TEOR Methods 276
6.4 AI Applications 297
6.5 Applications toward Net-zero/Energy Transition, and Economic Aspects 300
6.6 Summary and Conclusions 303
6.7 Nomenclature 305

7 Alternative and Miscellaneous Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery 313
Jorge Saldana

7.1 Introduction 313
7.2 Methods 314
7.3 AI Applications and Environmental Considerations 339
7.4 Summary and Conclusions 343
7.5 Nomenclature 344

8 Recovery Enhancement in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs 351
Ekrem Alagoz and Baris Tali

8.1 Introduction 351
8.2 EOR Techniques for Shale Reservoirs 352
8.3 Conclusion 390

9 Application of EOR Techniques for Carbon Capture and Storage 395
Bin Yuan, Xiaocong Lyu, Wei Zhang, Gang Huang, and Abhijit Dandekar

9.1 Introduction 395
9.2 CO2 Capture and Transportation 401
9.3 CO2 Sequestration and Leakage 411
9.4 CO2-EOR Technologies 420
9.5 Chemical-enhanced CO2-EOR 428
9.6 Stored CO2 Management and Surveillance 433
9.7 Summary and Conclusion 445
9.8 Nomenclature 446

10 Novel EOR Techniques and Future Directions 463
Jorge Saldana

10.1 Introduction 463
10.2 Novel EOR Techniques 465
10.3 EOR in the Energy Transition: Future Directions 473
10.4 Nomenclature 476

References 476
Index 479